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REMINISCENCES 



GEN. WARREN AND BUNKER HILL. 



J> \ 



By gen. WILLIAM H>\ SUMNER. 



KKl'lUNTED FltOM TIIK NEW ENOLANJ) HISTORICAL AND GKNKAl.UGICAL KIXaSTKr 
lOK ArKIl. AKD JULY, \fm. 



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REMINISCENCES RELATING TO GENERAL WARREN AND 

BUNKER HILL. 

[By Gen. William H. Sumnee.] 

Read before the JVew England Historical and Genealogical Society. 

Upon the occasion of the inauguration of the statue of General Joseph 
Warren, at Charlestown, on the 17th of June, 1857, the different ad- 
dresses then made contained very many interesting incidents illustrative 
of the life and character of that martyr of American liberty. The 
perusal of these has brought to my mind some additional facts connected 
with Warren's death which may be considered valuable as historical 
items. Desirous that nothing should be lost relative to one whose name 
shines so brightly on the historic page, I make the information in my 
possession the subject of this article ; and in this connection it may be 
proper to remark that from my early boyhood I have been acquainted 
with different members of the Warren family. -4 was born within a 
fourth of a mile of Gen. Warren's house in Roxbury, and enjoyed 
familiar intercourse with his three brothers, his mother, and his aunt, and 
the patriot himself was one of my father's teachers in the Roxbury Gram- 
mar School. Thus, from my earliest recollections, associated with a 
family so honored in our country's history, many interesting facts and 
incidents came to my knowledge, some of which may be here embodied. 

The unwavering patriotism of General Warren is well illustrated in an 
incident related to me by some one whose name I do not now recall. It 
is well known that the British commander was anxious to secure the ser- 
vices of American officers of known bravery for the government, and 
that tempting offers were made to Putnam to induce him to leave the pro- 
vincials and join the royal army. The valuable acquisition which Warren 
would be to the royalists did not escape their notice, and (as the account 
was given to me) Dr. Jeffries, a surgeon in the British army and an inti- 
mate acquaintance of Warren, was conversing with him, a short time 
before the actual resort to arms, on a pile of boards near the Winnisim- 
met Ferry Ways, from which they had a full view of the British fleet. 
During this conversation, which naturally turned upon the hostile feelings 
which existed between the provinces and the mother country. Dr. Jeffries 
suggested that in his opinion W^xrren might receive a high commission in 
the British army, if he would accept of it. This was a fruitless sug- 
gestion. 

But the main object of this communication is to bring out something 
more important in a historical point of view, although incidents like the 
one just 'related possess a value peculiarly their own, and which it would 
be difficult to overestimate. 

Upon the anniversary of our nation's birthday, 4th of July, 1825, at the 
public collation given at the State House to the State and City authorities, 
I gave a toast, the sentiment of which was founded upon facts which I 
had collected as Adjutant General from some of the old soldiers who 
were engaged in the battle of Bunker Hill. They had been requested to 
meet at my office on the occasion of laying the corner stone of the 
Bunker Hill Monument, on the 17th of the preceding June, by the Mar- 
quis de Lafayette, to join in the procession on that occasion. A large 
number of them came, and at that time I inquired of them what they 



2 Gen. Warren and Bunker Hill. 

knew about the battle, and made some minutes of their conversation and 
replies to my Interrogations. 

At the collation, Major General Henry Dearborn gave as a toast : — 

" The memory of General Warren^ who gallantly died in the cause of 
his country. ^^ 

Immediately after this I rose and said I would give as a toast the senti- 
ment contained in the dying words of that first great martyr of American 
liberty (whose name had just been announced) to the soldiers who were 
near him when he fell, after receiving his death wound : — 

" I am a dead man ; fight on, my brave felloios, for the salvation of 
your country.'''' 

The sentiment was received with acclamation ; but Dr. Benj. Water- 
house, one of the professors in Harvard College, who had no friendship 
for Dr. John Warren, also a professor in the same institution, took occa- 
sion in a newspaper article (signed " Historian," his usual signature 
being " Historicus ") to question the authenticity of the words embodied 
in that toast, and called upon the Adjutant General, as it came with the 
weight of authority from his mouth, to state upon what testimony it was 
founded, at the same time expressing some doubts in regard to it. 

The cause of the ill feeling before alluded to on the part of Dr. Water- 
house toward Dr. Warren, as stated to me by Robert H. Gardiner, Esq., 
of Gardiner, Maine, was this : — Dr. Waterhouse wrote several articles for 
the newspapers, in which he meddled with the affairs of the college, and 
called in question the fitness of some of his brother professors for the 
positions which they held. This gave general offence, and Dr. Warren 
joined with the several other professors in a complaint to the government 
on the subject. Dr. Waterhouse was requested to desist ; but as he con- 
tinued to write similar articles, a memorial for his removal was signed by 
Dr. Warren and the other professors, and he was accordingly dismissed. 

The article by Dr. Waterhouse referred to was as follows, and is 
copied from the " Boston Patriot and Mercantile Advertiser " of the 16th 
of July, 1825 :— 

" Messrs. Editors : — In your paper of the 6th is mentioned, among 
the list of toasts, one of considerable importance as an historical fact, 
given by the Adjutant General; for if, on investigation, it turn out true, it 
settles a doubtful point in history ; if not true, the sooner the mistake is 
rectified the better. It was given immediately after Major General Dear- 
born drank to the memory of General Warren, who ' gallantly died in 
the cause of his country.' Whereupon the Adjutant General gave as his 
toast, ' the dying words of Warren to the soldiers who were near him 
when he fell after receiving his death wound.' His words, the Adjutant 
General said, were : — ' I am a dead man ; fight on, my brave fellows, for 
the salvation of your country.'' 

The Adjutant General would confer a very great favor on the annalists 
and historians of the present times, if he would, through the medium of 
some paper, inform us more particularly of the fact, and mention the 
source whence he obtained that interesting allusion, which may lead to 
truths equally important. Hitherto the manner, time, and place on the 
hill where he fell, is left uncertain, while that of Major McCleary's is 
ascertained. As it regards Warren, the prevalent idea now is, that never 
having been a soldier, and having accepted a commission of a general, 
he repaired to Bunker Hill to learn, by actual observation, how to com- 



Gen. Warren and Bunker Hill. 3 

mand in battle on a future day. He said as much to Vice President 
Gerry the morning they parted ; and the late Judge Winthrop testified 
that he saw him and spoke with him before they reached the hill, Win- 
throp with his musket, Dr. Warren with only a cane, and in citizen's 
clothes. He was afterwards seen conversing with General Putnam ; but 
after the battle began to rage there is no account whatever of him, ex- 
cepting this given by the Adjutant General. 

One thing is clear, that he was buried with the promiscuous slain in 
the common trench of the dead. Had the British known him, this would 
not have been the case, if considered only as a Mason of a high order, 
But the greatest wonder remains, — why did not our own people seek out 
the body of our courageous patriot } Why did not Prescott, or Putnam, 
or some Bostonian, apply to the British commander for the remains of 
their fearless patriot .? According to the present popular impression, the 
probability is that the death of Warren was not known until after the 
British had buried all the slain of their opponents without knowing any 
Sort of distinction among them. The body taken up and honorably 
buried a long time after was mere conjecture, simply on that of an arti- 
ficial tooth. 

Any light which the gentleman in question can give on this melan- 
choly subject will, without doubt, be gratefully acknowledged by every 
American. Historian." 

My attention was called to this article by the Hon. James Lloyd, who 
said that, in his opinion, the matter required an explanation. Upon read- 
ing the doctor's communication, which I had not before seen, as it was 
published in a newspaper which I did not take or often read, I saw the 
propriety of giving the evidence establishing the questioned fact. With 
the view of obtaining it, I went to Tewksbury, and called upon the per- 
son who had given me the information in the presence of the old soldiers 
at my office, to obtain more formal evidence of the fact, and inquired of 
him more particularly as to his recollection of the incident he had before 
related to me, and he certified it in the most ample manner, as will soon 
appear. 

Having collected many interesting incidents connected with the death 
of General Warren, and obtained unquestionable evidence as to the 
authenticity of the words embodied in my toast, I published an article in 
the " Patriot " of the 9th of August, 1825, in answer to the interrogations 
of " Historian," including an original letter from Amos Foster, the soldier 
who heard the heroic words of Warren as he fell. My communication 
was as follows : — 

GENERAL WARREN. 

Messrs. Editors, — " Historian," in your paper of the 6th ult., quotes 
from the newspaper account of the celebration of the 4th of July, at th« 
State House, a toast given by me contained in the sentiment of the words 
of General Warren after he was shot on Bunker Hill ; and, questioning 
the truth of the historical fact, requests that " the Adjutant General would 
mention the source whence he obtained that interesting allusion, which 
may lead to truths equally important." 

It is evident that " Historian" was not present at the table, as the toast 
was there given upon the authority of Mr. Amos Foster of Tewksbury, a 
private in Capt. Walker's company and Bridge's regiment, from whose 
mouth the words were taken on the morning of the 17th June last. 



4 Gen. Warren and Bunker Hill. 

Mr. Foster is a hale man of seventy-two, of respectable appearance, 
and gave his account of the events of the battle with great clearness both 
of recollection and expression. He is possessed of considerable property, 
I learn, and is a man of undisputed veracity. He represents that Dr. 
Warren was wounded when he addressed them, and spoke like a person 
in the greatest extremity, who thought all was lost, raising up his hands 
and saying " I am a dead man ; — fight on, my brave fellows, for the salva- 
tion of your country." I stated to Mr. Foster that it was generally sup- 
posed that Dr. Warren was shot in the head. He replied that it did not 
appear to him that he was wounded in the head at that time, but that 
his side was bloody. 

Immediately upon seeing the communication of " Historian" in your 
paper, I addressed a letter to Mr. Foster, informing him that inquiry was 
made in a public manner of me for the authority I had for giving the sen- 
timent as the dying words of Warren ; and requested him to furnish me 
with such further particulars as were within his recollection ; but, not 
having received a reply to my letter sent through the post office, with 
which the old soldier has probably but little connection, I have not chosen 
to wait longer in giving "Historian" the requested information, lest the 
delay might tend to confirm the doubts expressed in his communication. 

My office, on the morning of the 17th, was crowded with revolutionary 
soldiers, who were requested to meet there before joining in the proces- 
sion. Many anecdotes and old soldier's stories were related interesting to 
the " Historian," and never perhaps fifty years after any like event were 
so many witnesses of it present, face to face, shaking hands and reciting 
to each other their toils and perils and hair-breadth escapes as were col- 
lected together at the late celebration. Under the resolve of the Legisla- 
ture, a small allowance for attendance and travel was allowed to each of 
them as " reported themselves at the Adjutant General's office on or before 
that day, and gave him satisfactory evidence of the fact of their having 
been in the battle of Bunker Hill on the 17th of June, 1775 ;" as far as 
the time allowed, such reports were made and the evidence received. My 
inquiries, therefore, relating to the events of that day, of the officers and 
soldiers who reported themselves, were not those of curiosity merely, but 
were a necessary means of obtaining the " satisfactory evidence " the 
resolve required. Such was the bustle of the morning, and the shortness 
of the time, it was impossible the purpose of the resolve could be accom- 
plished, and the Legislature afterwards extended the time for complying 
with its provisions to the 4th of July, when one hundred and forty-one 
out of upwards of two hundred present, had applied and given the evi- 
dence required. 

Impressed with the belief that posterity will consider the events of that 
conflict as of more importance than even the enthusiastic actors themselves 
attached to them, I availed myself of the opportunity thus affiarded, which 
gave me the means of seeing the greater part of the living actors in those 
scenes, to make minutes of the important facts relating to what may have 
heretofore been considered as mysterious circumstances of the battle, and 
particularly such as respected the conduct and death of the first great 
martyr of American liberty. It was impossible to do this generally in 
the crowd of the morning of the 17th ; but, with regard to the important 
facts stated by Mr. Foster, this was not the case ; for that I took down in 
writing, and, in the presence of Gen. Patterson of Philadelphia, who was 
very attentive to the old soldier stories, spoke of the importance of the 



Gen. Warren and Bunker Hill. 5 

anecdote to Mr. Foster, and read my minutes to him, to ascertain whether 
I had recorded it correctly. 

" Historian" calls on me " for further light on the subject," and has 
not left in obscurity the objects to which he wished my attention directed ; 
but under the heads of" prevalent ideas " and " popular impressions " in 
some instances, and in others by direct assertions, conveys his own doubts 
of the great worth of Warren's services. He says that " after the battle 
begun to rage there is no account whatever of him, except this given by 
the Adjutant General." That *' the manner, time, and place on the hill 
where Warren fell is left uncertain." That he went there in his common 
clothes without uniform " to learn by actual observation how to command 
in battle on a future day." That " he was buried with the promiscuous 
slain in the common trench of the dead," which would not have been the 
case " if the British had known him," and that " even our own people 
did not seek out the body of their fearless patriot." (I have underscored 
the epithet, though I hope no slur was intended by your communicator 
when he used it.) That " the body taken up afterwards," which was 
near the place of the greatest slaughter of the Americans, " was mere 
conjecture." In fact, if I understand the drift of the communication, it is, 
that there is no evidence that Warren on that day did anything to distin- <( 
guish himself. 

When the sentiment of that dying hero was promulgated, it was without 
the least idea that it would invoke an inquiry into his general conduct ; 
but, it is not to be regretted, if there is doubt in any mind, that the inquiry 
is instituted while many of the witnesses are living, as it must result like 
those respecting the conduct of other important actors in those scenes in 
the establishment of those great truths which have already emblazoned 
their names on the historic page. 

There is no need of recurring to evidence in support of commonly re- 
ceived facts. Respecting such as are not generally known I will endeavor 
to cite the authority. 

It is generally understood, I believe, that Warren, at the time of the 
battle, had not received the commission of Major General, to which office 
he was appointed on the 14th ; that he left Watertown, where the Provincial 
Congress was sitting, on the morning of the 17lh, and was present with 
the Committee of Safety in Steward Hastings' house, on Cambridge Com- 
mon, where also Gen. Ward's head quarters were, when Major Brooks 
arrived from Charlestown and delivered Colonel Prescott's request for re- 
inforcements. That he soon after left the Committee of Safety, of which 
he was Chairman, and walked a part of the way towards Charlestown, 
with Dr. Townsend, his pupil, and was spoken to by Judge Winthrop, 
befoi'e he reached the hill, in his usual dress, which was a light colored 
coat with a sprig on the button, as Gov. Eustis informed me. 1 have 
Gov. Brooks' authority for the fact of Warren's presence with the Com- 
mittee of Safety, when he made his communication from Col. Prescott. 
He has often detailed to me the observations and opinions of that gallant 
officer at the councils of war, which were held before the message was 
sent to Cambridge, and the particulars of his own interview with General 
Ward first, and afterwards with the Committee of Safety, who sat in the 
adjoining room. 

As it is probable I shall have no other so good opportunity, I can hardly 
refrain from mentioning one or two circumstances which I have learned 
in these conversations, although they are not immediately connected with 



6 Gen. Warren and Bunker Hill. 

the object of this communication. After despatches had been sent over 
to Mystic for Stark's and Reed's regiments, and other reinforcements 
were ordered to march, messages were sent to the neighboring towns, 
requesting them to bring in their own supplies of powder. As these ar- 
rived the Committee distributed themselves, and, seated on the tiller of the 
carts, dealt out a gill of powder to each soldier, as he came up, some of 
whom had powder horns, and others wrapped it up in paper. Meanwhile, 
Brooks, who was not detailed with his regiment for duty the day before, 
in consequence of his absence at Reading, (called home by the confine- 
ment of his wife with her first child,) but who on his return had the per- 
mission of the General to go as a volunteer, provided he would report at 
head quarters in the morning, was collecting the two remaining companies 
of his regiment, which had been on guard near the General's quarters. 
It is well known that the General, apprehensive that the movements to- 
wards Charlestown were only a feint to cover a real attack of the main 
position at Cambridge, was fearful of weakening his force at that place. 
Brooks says to him, " now General, I have reported according to promise, 
I hope you will let me march these men where they can be of some use." 
To which he answered, " I am sorry I cannot comply with your request." 
'* But look at them. General," said Brooks anxiously, " they have got 
bayonets — there are none scarcely on the hill, and I assure they will be 
wanted there." " I shall want them here, sir," was the reply, which ter- 
minated the interview, and he did not get orders to march until it was too 
late for him to arrive before the retreat. 

But to remove the uncertainty of the time, place, and manner of War- 
ren's death, which " Historian" says exists, let us recur to the evidence; 
and, first, as to the time and place. 

Upon his arrival at the redoubt, Prescott saw Warren, and supposing he 
came to take the command, said to him he was glad to have assistance ; 
io which Warren replied, as Mr. Wright (now of Beverly, then of HoUis, 
who was in Prescott's regiment and heard it, says ) " No, I did not come 
to take the command, it is too late in the day, but PU give you all the 
* assistance I can." Warren was afterwards seen conversing with Putnam^ 
who said to him in the presence of I't. Col. Parker, who was wounded in 
the knee, taken prisoner, and afterwards died, but whose wounds were 
dressed by Dr. Jeffries on a fascine, to whom he related it, " they will 
beat us from the work, I know ; but we shall do them infinite mischief, 
though we must at last retreat." Col. Whitmore, then a Lieutenant in 
Capt. Perkii s' company, in Little's regiment, states that he was wounded 
in the thigh in the retreat from the redoubt; at the same moment Warren 
fell, about six feet from him. Capt. Coburn, on the retreat from the re- 
doubt., spoke to Warren, and Gen. Winslow saw him lying dead about 
sixty yards in the rear of the redoubt., the morning after the battle, with 
his hands under his head. Major Small of the British army, who acknowl- 
edged that he owed his own life to the humanity of Putnam on that occa- 
sion, in his turn attempted to save the life of his friend Warren, whom he 
saw, as he entered the redoubt, and called to him to stand, or he would 
he killed. This is his own relation to Dr. Jeffries, who went over with 
the British troops as surgeon after the first attack. There can be no mis- 
take about this, as Maj. Small and Dr. Warren were very intimate friends; 
and Dr. Jeffries, who was a professional rival of Warren's, used to meet 
them frequently at Mr. Scollay's — and Dr. Warren had, a few evenings 
before, offered him a place in the medical staff. Here is abundant evi- 



Gen. Warren and Bunker Hill. 7 

dence, but more is at hand if needed, as, to avoid prolixity, I have omitted 
many minute particulars which would corroborate the facts, that Warren, 
although he was opposed to the plan of taking possession of the heights of 
Charlestown, thinking the Fabian policy the best in the condition the army 
then was, and though he was seen sick in his bed after he came from 
Watertown that morning with a nervous headache ; when he heard Major 
Brooks' communication from Col. Prescott, requesting reinforcements and 
ammunition, left the Committee of Safety and repaired to the scene of 
action, was in various parts of the field, " after the battle began to rage^'' 
and was killed near the redoubt as the British entered it. 

Respecting the "manner" of his death, there is more uncertainty; 
though, to use the language of "Historian" to express one's own idea, 
" the popular impression" that he was wounded some time before he was 
killed, in the arm or side, gains strength from the circumstances and facts 
related by the witnesses who were assembled on the late occasion. Mr. 
Jonathan Clark, now living in Abington, 80 years old, but who then be- 
longed to Boston, and was in Lock's company and Gardener's regiment, 
" wlro knew Warren, who had attended him as a physician," is positive 
in his testimony " that he was first wounded in the arm, and being pressed 
to retire, said he would never set the example of retreating to the " bloody 
blacks." " The mortal wound," Mr. Clark says, " was in the head." 

Gen. Warren's body had mouldered in the grave for ten months, when 
it was disinterred, which made it impossible at tliat time to ascertain the 
correctness of this supposition, — not so with the wound in the head. After 
the evacuation of Boston, Warren's friends were informed where he was 
buried. This was not as "Historian" says it was, "with the promiscuous 
slain, in the common trench of the dead ;" though it was in the same 
grave with a person with a frock on. Warren's body was found stripped 
of its covering, while the other was buried in its common habiliments. 
Mr. Clark, above-named, as well as another soldier whose name I have 
forgotten, was here on the 17th, who assisted at the exhumation in the 
presence of the Doctor's two brothers, who were satisfied of the identity 
of the body, by many circumstances wliich they detailed. If stronger 
evidence of its identity were wanting, that afforded by Col. Revere, who set 
the artificial tooth, (which " Historian" says led to the " mere conjecture" 
that it was Warren's body,) and who recollected the wire he used in fast- 
ening it in, would aflbrd it. One thing, iiowever, is certain ; that the 
skull was perforated by a musket ball in the upper part of the head, in 
such a place, as I am informed bv professional gentlemen, would probably 
have produced sudden, though it might not instant death. " Historian" will 
observe that all these facts relating to the " <me," place and manner of 
Warren's death accord with the account which Major Small gave to Major 
Gordon, at the American minister's, in London, in the year 1791, when 
he told him that though he saw Warren fall, " life had fled before he saw 
his remains ;" to Col. Trumbull, in i78G, at the time he was engaged in. 
painting his celebrated historical picture, in which Major Small is repre- 
sented in the exercise of the humane act which has been ascribed to him.. 
(See Gordon's and Trumbull's printed letters.) 

But " Historian " says " that according to the present popular impression, 
the probability is that the death of Warren was not known until after the 
British had buried all the slain of their opponents without knowing any 
sort of distinction among them." If it be the popular impression, it is 
time that this as well as some other " prevalent ideas" in " Historian's" 



8 Gen. Warren and Bunker Hill. 

communication was corrected. That Gen. Howe saw him fall is even to 
be inferred from Major Gordon's letter to Major Jackson of Philadelphia, 
above quoted, in which he relates the conversation between Gen. Howe 
and Maj. Small, at the time they supposed he fell, from the latter of whom 
he derived it ; but that his death was known to the British commander is 
shown as well by that letter, as by the facts recorded in Dr. Jeffries' 
diary, of which, it is much to be regretted, great part was lost in a late 
fire, but from which leaf Samuel Swett had taken minutes, and the facts 
relating to which the present Dr. Jeffries, his son, perfectly recollects. 
The Doctor's story was that after the battle was over, while he was dress- 
ing a British officer. Gen. Howe came up to him and said, "Jeffries, 
there is a general officer fallen ; do you know Warren V " Do I know 
my right hand, you may as well ask ?" says Jeffries. " Come here 
then," says Howe, " and let me know if the report is true that he is dead." 
Jeffries accompanied the General to the redoubt, and on the way Howe 
again asked him if he was certain he could identify the person; he replied 
anybody can do that, for he had a whitlow on a certain finger, naming it, 
by which he lost a nail ; and he had also a particular artificial tooth. 
Howe soon pointed out the body, which was immediately recognized by 
Jeffries. When therefore " Historian" says that "Warren's body" could 
not have been known or he would have been buried with distinguished 
honors, even if he only was considered as a mason of a high order," he 
argues upon a probability against the truth. Not being a mason,! am not 
conversant of the customs of masons in this particular, (though I never 
heard of fallen enemies being buried with distinguished honors because 
they were masons ; armies would have enough to do beside their " accus- 
tomed work" if this were the case,) and I am apt to think that " Historian " 
is in a similar cause with myself, as it appears that Warren was known, 
and was not only buried without any such honors ; but, as it appeared at 
the time of the disinterment, the body was rifled of its covering. 

If "Historian" thinks it is a " prevalent idea" that Warren could not 
have taken any important part in the events of that day, because he was 
dressed in his common clothes instead of his uniform ; I should reply, that 
not being commissioned and qualified to act as an officer, he could not 
with propriety have worn a uniform, even if he was provided with one, 
which is not probable, for it is to be inferred from Gen. Ward's orderly 
book in my possession, that there was not a person in uniform nor an 
epaulette worn within the American lines till some time after Washington 
arrived at Cambridge. But that Warren was distinguished by his coad- 
jutors as a " courageous''' and " fearless patriot," besides other testimony, 
the toast that was given at a meeting of the field officers of the sixth 
brigade, under Col. Frye, who assembled two months after the battle at 
the house of Jonathan Hastings, to celebrate the memorable 4th of August, 
(repeal of the stamp act) is sufficient evidence. "Immortal honor to that 
patriot and hero. Doctor Warren, a;id the brave American troops who 
fought the battle of Bunker Hill on the 17th of June, 1775." 

As " Historian" requested " such further light on the melancholy subject 
as the gentleman in question could give," I have mentioned these facts, 
and referred to the authority from which they are derived, as I did at the 
time I promulgated the words which it was said the enthusiastic patriot 
uttered, in the time of his country's greatest need, when the enemy seemed 
lo be carrying all before them, and after he had received what he himself 



Gen. Warren and Bunker Hill. 9 

considered a mortal wound, " I am a dead man — fight on, my brave fel- 
lows, for the salvation of your country." 

We have seen that it was not impossible, from the manner of his 
death, that he might thus have spoken, whether he was wounded once or 
twice before he fell. Those only, therefore, who are envious of the hon- 
ors of the illustrious dead, will he eager to disprove the positive declara- 
tion of one who heard him. The evidence in support of the fact is of 
the highest authority. Let not his country, then, be deprived of the glo- 
rious example of the patriotic volunteer " without authority, yet whom 
none commanded," upon speculative surmises. The truth of the declara- 
tion ascribed to Warren is not only positively testified to ; but the senti- 
ment accords with his whole character. It is consistent with the account 
of his conduct at this particular crisis given of him by Col. Swett in his 
Historical Sketch of the Battle; of which, availing himself of the informa- 
tion collected at the late Jubilee, the public will b« gratified to learn is 
preparing a new edition. " The chivalrous Warren," says he, " lingered 
to the last. His exalted spirit disdained, as a disgrace, a retreat the most 
inevitable. He animated the men to the most desperate daring, and when 
hope had fled he still disdained to fly." It is also perfectly compatible 
with the ardor of his feelings, when he said, " he would not set an exam- 
ple of retreating to the bloody blacks," and consistent to that fearless de- 
votion to his country's cause, which led him previous to the battle to 
declare to Major Small, when doubting in conversation whether we should 
stick together, if the troops should be obliged to come to the last resort, 
(as I have the authority of Perez Morton, Esq., at that time Secretary of 
the Council, for asserting that he did,) " Depend upon it, my friend, when- 
ever you pull a hostile ti-igger against my countrymen, you will find me 
among them." 

The sentiment which he uttered in the hearing of Mr. Foster is a noble 
one. Though it does not increase Warren's fame, it adds something to 
his countrymen's pride ; and no one that hears it can help throwing his 
thoughts back a ievf hours, to the interesting interview between him and 
Vice-President Gerry, to whose remonstrances against his exposing him- 
self in the battle, Warren, perfectly aware of the necessity as well as the 
danger of it, so beautifully and prophetically replied, " Dulce et decorum 
est pro patria mori." 

I send you Mr. Foster's letter in reply to my interrogatories, received 
while copying the above, which I beg you will consider as a part of this 
communication. 

I am, respectfully, 

Your obedient servant, 

W. H. SUMNEK. 

Tewkshury, August 3, 1825. 
Sir, — I have read the piece in the Patriot in which it is doubted whether 
the toast you gave on the 4th of July, as the words of Warren, are correct. 
They are strictly true, and stated exactly as I told you on the morning of 
the anniversary. I knew Dr. Warren before that day: had seen him 
among the troops at Cambridge, and am certain of the fact. His words 
made a lasting impression on my mind, and I have repeated them a thou- 
sand times. I was a private in Capt. Walker's Company, in Bridge's 
Regiment, and was on the ground all the night before, building up the 
works. After the old engineer had fixed his stakes, Eliakim Walker, 



10 Gen. Warren and Bunker Hill. 

Jonathan Beard and myself, (who are both living I believe, Mr. Beard was 
at the celebration with me) thought he had not got them quite straight, 
and we moved one of them to square it up. 

The day of the battle I was near the redoubt ; we did all we could ; 
but were obliged to give up at last. The last time the British came up 
we were moving off all in a hurry into the rear of the redoubt, to stop 
them as they came up, and there it was that I saw Gen. Warren ; his 
clothes were bloody, when he cried out to us, " I am a dead man, fight 
on, my brave fellows, for the salvation of your country." We had no 
time to do much, but got off as soon as we could. I never saw Warren 
after that. The British fired upon us both small and large guns on the 
retreat, and more of us got off than could reasonably have been expected. 

I knew Gen. Putnam and Col. Prescott, well. I saw Putnam riding 
round, very active. I saw him ten times, at least, I should think. Put- 
nam went off with David Baily and a number of others, and they took 
tools with them to intrench on Bunker Hill, but a number of them came 
back again. 1 was close by Asa Pollard when he was killed. He was 
the first man that was killed. The ball struck the ground and hopped 
along before it struck him. Mr. Benjamin Baldwin rolled him up in a 
blanket, and they carried him off and buried him. I do not remember 
anything more of very great importance. I saw a good deal, and remem- 
ber a great deal, but it is not worth writing that I know of. I am willing 
to tell all I do know. It appears to me the blood was running down his 
(Warren's) arm or side when he spoke the words, but we were all in such 
a hurry I wont be certain about that. I shall send an order for my 
money under the resolve. 

I am. Sir, 
Your most obedient servant, 

Amos Foster. 

General William H. Sumner. 

The evidence in support of the questioned fact contained in the pre- 
ceding communication, and in the letter of Amos Foster, was so conclu- 
sive that another article appeared in the Patriot of the 15th of August, 
1825, acknowledging the successful \ indication of the authenticity of the 
toast given upon the preceding 4th of July. This article, although with- 
out any signature, was universally attributed to Dr. Waterhouse, and the 
internal evidence points to that source, for even here is an apparent un- 
willingness to allow to Warren the honor he so richly merited. 

The article referred to is in these words : — 

BATTLE OF BUNKER HILr.^ONCE MORE. 

History is under obligations to the Adjutant General for his successful 
elucidation of a doubtful point, referred to by " Historian." It would 
have been well had the like pains been taken 50 years ago, as it regarded 
the Batde of Bunker Hill : but alluring fashion, instead of heightening the 
charms of truth, injures her dignified simplicity. The partisans, amongst 
the " Sons of Liberty," following, in that day, the fashion of monarchies, 
were not contented with a glorious battle, fought by the people, but must 
needs have some particular leader or Hero, — some Leonidas, who might, 
for what we know, have been in the rear of his 300 Spartans. Our 
Fathers, like all those of the whole world, deemed it expedient to em- 
blazon victory by some well known name or some man of rank, as the 



Gen. Warren and Bunker Hill. 11 

Diik^s of Cumberland or York, though dead weights on their respective 
armies. The good Washington, when he last visited Boston expressed 
his pain ai.d uneasiness at having so much credit given to him, during 
our seven years' contest, and so little to the patriotic army and officers 
which he commanded. The noblest democratic battle fought was that at 
Bunker Hill, where each man did that which seemed good in his own eyes. 

It is a mistake to suppose that the writer grudged the great credit due 
to Dr. Warren. In proof of it we cannot help subjoining, that if any one 
should think fit to attach to Warren tha epithet of " chivalrous," we hope he 
will add it to no other valiant American who fought on that day. Before 
the revolutionary contest ended, there were some chivalrous British and 
French who fought bravely under our banners ; but Warren stepped 
forth as a private citizen, in a more serious and solemn manner. The 
error has been in calling him a General, instead of an illustrious and 
fearless patriot, as was likewise Judge Winthrop, who was slightly 
wounded, and among the very last who retreated. 

The serious question is — why sink the names of Gardiner of Cambridge, — 

Parker of Chelmsford, — McClary of New Hampshire, — More of , who 

all had commissions, and lost their lives, to elevate the name of one Bosto- 
nian who had none ? Our country people have thought, feeling and pride, 
and have talked all these things over their mugs of cider, on winter even- 
ings, for half a century past ; and,tako them collectively, they generally think 
right ; and when they come to know more of John Paul Jones they may 
think more justly of some other foreigners; more lightly of some of our 
people. Truth is eternal and unbending. It allows of no tamperings, 
humorings, intrigues, barters or exceptions, and is not at the caprice of 
times, places and persons. It depends not on particular lights or posi- 
tions. In studied dress, or dishabille, — in every attitude and look. Truth 
is the same ; equally captivating and commanding. Histories composed 
of ingredients of this high quality come forth but rarely; for few can 
produce them. A work of elastic spirit and commanding genius, which 
has all the mastery of a ruling mind, appears but now and then in the 
long course of centuries; and when it does it commands all before it, like 
that voice from the dominion of thought, which philosophers, real politi« 
cians and historians have considered the Vox Dei. That is the history 
which alone teaches philosophy by example. 

On this general subject it may not be amiss to make a particular and 
illustrative remark, viz., that every account, and among them this of Gen. 
Sumner's, tends to confirm the narrative of the Battle of Bunker Hill, 
written by Major Gen. Dearborn, especially the incidental or circumstan- 
tial observation of Amos Foster, who, in his letter to Gen. Sumner, says: 
" I know Gen. Putnam (he should have said Colonel) and Col. Prescott 
well. I saw Putnam riding round, very active. I saw him ten times at 
least, I should think. Putnam went off with David Baily and a number 
of others ; and they took tools with them to intrench on Bunker Hill ; 
but a number of them came back again," (to Breed's Hill, where the 
battle was raging.) 

This is precisely Gen. Dearborn's account of it, which has been cor- 
roborated by Governor Eustis, and confirmed by his friend the late Mr, 
Andrew Cragie, who were both together on the hill, and assisted in bury- 
ing Asa Pollard ; and who saw Col. Putnam, " very active, riding about.'*'' 
Truth is a spirit too close for confinement. 

That first military lesson which was given to Gen. Howe, on the 17th 



12 Gen. Warren and Bunker Hill. 

of June, 1775, was emphatically the battle of the people. Col. Prescott 
was the first and most commanding character in it ; yet if you cast your 
eye on that apocryphal painting of the battle by Mr. Trumbull, you will 
see Col. Prescott represented more like the driver of a baggage-wagon 
than a soldier, while the British officers appear in all their flattered pomp 
of Victory and Humanity ! We cannot denounce too strongly, nor casti- 
gate too severely, false medals, false statuary, and false pictures, or value 
too highly faithful ones, because of their durability. 

Perhaps there will be no more appropriate place than this to introduce 
one or two incidents relating to Bunker Hill which came within my per- 
sonal knowledge. While I was Adjutant General, I learned that Gen. 
Ward's Order Book was in the hands of Mr. Ward of Brookfield, a rela- 
tive of the Gen., who was the Commander of the American forces at 
Cambridge till the 3d of July, when Gen. Washington assumed the com- 
mand. I obtained the loan of that Order Book, and found it so interesting 
that I caused the whole volume to be copied and placed in the Adjutant 
General's office, where I left it when I resigned, lest the original should 
be lost. In the same volume there was also made a copy of Gen. Thom- 
as's Order Book at Roxbury. That volume is now, I presume, where I 
left it. My chief solicitude to obtain the Order Book of Gen. Ward was 
to ascertain what order he had given for the fortifying of Bunker Hill. I 
also wanted to read his account of the battle. 1 found nothing of the 
kind ; but, on the margin of the book, against the seventeenth of June, 
there was this memorandum : " The battle of Charlestown was fought 
this day. Killed, 115; wounded, 305; captivated, 30 ; total, 450." Gov. 
Gage, in his account, acknowledged a loss on the part of the British, of 
1054, of whom 226 were killed, 828 wounded, including 19 officers killed 
and 28 wounded. It is remarkable that no full account of the battle was 
recorded by Gen. Ward, because hereafter everybody will inquire for his 
Order Book to learn about the battle. It does not appear from that book 
that either Putnam or Prescott made any report ; nor does there appear 
any order approving the conduct of the troops in the battle. This omis- 
sion may be accounted for by the fact that the troops were not organized, 
and that Gen. Ward had as yet no regular staff. 

Another interesting matter that occurs to me relates to the fortifications 
on Bunker Hill. After my appointment, in 1818, to the office of Adjutant 
General, by Gov. Brooks, his staff" was completed by the appointment of 
Samuel Swetf, Benjamin Pickman, and Theodore Lynam, as aids. About 
this time Gen. Dearborn made a publication respecting Gen. Putnam, in 
which his bravery in the battle of Bunker Hill was doubted. He also, in 
connection with the publication, gave a " plan" of the redoubt, the breast- 
work and the rail fence, behind which he stated that Col. Stark's regi- 
ment, in which he was a Captain, was stationed. The plan struck Gov. 
Brooks as being erroneous ; and he said to Col. Swett and myself, " Gen- 
tlemen, I have not been on to that ground since the battle, and if you will 
accompany me I will go there and examine it." 

It must be recollected that Brooks returned to Cambridge on the 16th of 
June, the day before the battle of Bunker Hill, and that the battalion of 
Bridge's regiment, in which was his company, was left at Cambridge, and 
not ordered to Charlestown. As the troops were about to march to 
Charlestown, Brooks applied to Bridge for leave to go with his company, 
among the other troops, to Charlestown. Bridge said he had no authority 



Gen. Warren and Bunker Hill. 13 

to allow it, and referred him to Gen. Ward. On applying to him he 
replied to Brooks, " I did not order your battalion of Bridge's regiment to 
Charlestown, because I want to have troops here that I can rely upon, in 
case the enemy should consider that the main position at Cambridge is so 
weakened by the expedition, that they can safely make their main attack 
here." This may account for Brooks not being in the battle, when a part 
of his regiment was there; but, as he had obtained permission from Gen. 
Ward to go as a volunteer, under a charge to return to his command in 
case of necessity, he went as a volunteer, without his company, and was 
engaged all the night before the battle, in counselling Putnam, and Grid- 
ley the engineer, about the position of the works that were to be thrown 
up. He left early in the morning, with a message from Col. Prescott to 
Gen. Ward, requesting a reenforcement. His recital of the position of 
the works at Bunker Hill must be of the highest authority. 

According to assignment, the Adjutant General and Col. Swett, his first 
aid, met the Governor on the hill, in the beginning of the month of June, 
1818, for the purpose of examining the works and comparing them with 
Dearborn's plan. We went into the redoubt together. After looking 
about him and examining the ground, the Governor said, " Gentlemen, 
where is the sallyport? I do not see where it was. Let us look about 
and see if we can find it." We found an excavation in the lines of the 
fort on the side opposite to that where we afterwards found it had been 
when the works were throv/n up, the night before the battle. " Gentle- 
men," said the Governor, " can we verify this .? For," continued he, 
" the fact is, the breastwork ran in a northerly or northeasterly direction 
from the sallyport ; and if we can ascertain where that breastwork was 
we can identify the true position of the sallyport." He requested Col. 
Swett and Major Swan, (who came down with the Governor from Med- 
ford, and whose father owned or leased the ground) to go several rods in 
a direction which he pointed out ; then to turn and walk at right angles to 
the course they had before taken, to see if they could find where the old 
breastwork was, which had probably been ploughed down. The grass 
was high, and it could not be seen until the gentlemen, wading the grass, 
came into a hollow place and ascended a little height, and then passed 
down into another hollow on the other side. The gentlemen exclaimed, 
" We have found it." Gov. Brooks said, " I thought you would ; let us 
examine a little further. Take the same course, und go down a short 
distance and see if you find there the same evidences of its position." 
They did so, and satisfied the Governor that they had discovered the place 
where the breastwork was built, and thus verified the fact, that the sally- 
port was originally in the place where he had indicated that it ought to be 
found. 

It was plain to the observer that if the breastwork ran in the direction 
indicated by Gen. Dearborn's plan, it would puzzle the commander to tell 
on which side of it his men should be placed, in order to defend the main 
position. Thus it appears, from Gen. Brooks' recollection of the ground, 
that the plan which Gen. Dearborn had published, in connection with 
his work impeaching Gen. Putnam, was not a plan of the ground, as it 
was on the 17th of June, when the battle was fought. The explanation 
of these facts is probably this : that Dearborn's plan was that of the works 
after the retreat of the American forces, and the consequent change of the 
relative position of the two armies. 

For, if the works had not been thus changed, it would have been easy 



14 Gen. Warren and Bunker Hill. 

for the Americans, if they designed to re-take the fort from which they 
had retreated, for those of them who were posted on Winter Hill and 
Prospect Hill to pass over Charlestown neck, and for those on Cobble Hill 
to cross the mill-dam over the creek, or, in winter, to go over the mill- 
pond on the ice, and thence to march up the hill unmolested from the 
breastwork. 

After finishing the examination of the works on the hill, the Governor 
pointed out the place where those who were on the ground at the time, 
stated to him that Warren was killed. It was about three or four rods 
northwesterly from the work, near a young elm tree which had grown up 
since the battle. The location of the " rail fence " was also pointed out. 

The American redoubt was about eight rods square. Notwithstanding 
the firing from the Lively, man-of-war, which commenced early in the 
morning, the men continued to labor steadily upon the breastwork for 
some time. At dawn, the officers and men on the decks of the British 
vessels in the harbor were seen, with their spy-glasses, taking observation. 
As their firing upon the works continued, with some intermissions, at 
length one man fell mortally wounded. The name of the man who was 
thus killed was Coburn. The others were so much alarmed that they 
hesitated to work in that place. Prescott, to show that there was not so 
much danger of being killed as they supposed, mounted the parapet in 
his banyan gown, and, strutting backward and forward upon it, he raised 
his " three-cornered scraper^^'' as his cocked hat was called, and in raising 
it turned his queue around so that it hung over his right shoulder, giving 
him a quite ludicrous appearance ; and, swinging his hat in the air, with 
loud exclamations he shouted to the British, " Hit me if you can." The 
men still hesitated to work while the body of Coburn was lying there, and 
Prescott accordingly ordered it to be buried immediately. It was interred 
at once, a little in the rear of the redoubt. When the order was given 
for the man to be buried, some one exclaimed, " What ! bury a man with- 
out prayers ?" Of this, Prescott took no notice. 

Gen. Dearborn, in his publication, states that he saw Gen. Putnam 
carrying off spades and other intrenching tools when he should have been 
directing the forces. Dearborn, it should be noticed, was stationed behind 
the rail fence, which was not a favorable position for making observations. 
Putnam was as active as any man that morning. He saw how much 
necessity there was for reinforcement, and went to Cambridge to urge 
Gen. Ward to send it. That act Dearborn considered as retreating from 
the field. 

From Gen. Ward's order-book, it appears that Gen. Washington took 
the command at Cambridge July 3, 1775, and that the first order respect- 
ing military operations which he gave, was one approving of the sentence 
of the court-martial upon Capt. Callender, which broke him. It is dated 
July 7th. Gen. Washington says : — 

" It is with inexpressible concern that the General, upon his first arrival 
in the army, should find an officer sentenced by a general court-martial 
for cowardice ; a crime of all others the most infamous in a soldier, the 
most injurious to an army, and the last to be forgiven, inasmuch as it 
may, and often does happen, that the cowardice of a single officer proves 
the destruction of an whole army. The General, therefore, with great 
concern, (and more especially as the transaction happened before he had 
the command of the troops,) thinks himself obliged, for the good of the 
service, to approve the judgment of the court-martial with respect to 



Gen. Warren and Bunker Hill. 16 

Capt. John Callender, who is hereby sentenced to be cashiered. Capt. 
John Callender is accordingly cashiered, and dismissed from all further 
service in the Continental army as an officer." 

The justice of this sentence was universally acknowledged. It should 
be stated, however, to the credit of Capt. Callender, that he was so much 
mortified by the decision, that he determined to restore himself to favor ; 
and for this purpose, he joined his company as a volunteer private, and 
fought bravely in every action in which his company was engaged. At 
the battle of Long Island, after both the captain and lieutenant of the 
company were killed, by the request of the company he took the com- 
mand. He continued in the service, and distinguished himself on many 
occasions. 

It is a very singular circumstance, that Gov. Gage had determined to 
take possession of Dorchester heights on the same day that the battle of 
Bunker Hill took place ; but the demonstration by the Provincials, in 
taking possession of Breed's Hill, diverted him from that purpose. In 
the following year, we took possession of Dorchester heights ourselves. 
At the time they were taken possession of, as I have received the impres- 
sion from some person — whose name I do not now recollect — Washing- 
ton had but little ammunition. In order to conceal from the soldiers the 
true state of the army in that respect, he ordered powder casks to be 
filled with sand, and that several loads of them should be carried to the 
heights by the way of Roxbury, where the right wing of the army, under 
Gen. Thomas, was posted. By this deception, the soldiers were satisfied 
that the army was in a condition to defend itself, notwithstanding the re- 
ports that the supply of ammunition was nearly exhausted. 

After possession was taken of the heights, hogsheads were filled with 
earth, and so placed that they could be rolled down upon the enemy to 
break the columns, if they should dare attempt to march up the hill. 

As my intentions in this article were limited to facts and incidents con- 
nected with Gen. Warren, I will forego the recital of other items which 
crowd upon my recollection, and which may form the basis of some future 
communication. 



16 Gen Warren and Bunker Hill. 



REMINISCENCE OF GEN. WARREN. 

Dr. David Townsend, June 17, 1775, in the morning, went to Brighton 
to see Mr. Carnes's family of Boston. About one in the afternoon, Mr. 
Carnes came and reported that there was hot work. The British at 
Boston, with their shipping, were firing very heavy on our men at Bunker 
Hill. Dr. Townsend said he must go and work for Dr. Warren. He 
was very young, and a student with Dr. Warren, who was appointed 
Major General on the day previous. Gen. Warren left him in Boston to 
protect his effects, and he had just before come to Cambridge from 
Brighton to Gen. Ward's quarters, and found Cambridge quiet as the 
Sabbath, — all the troops gone, and no one at Ward's quarters but Gen. 
Warren, who was sick with one of his oppressive nervous headaches, 
and, as usual, had retired to rest, and taken some camomile tea for relief, 
Mrs. Hastings said no one else was in the house. Gen. Warren told Dr. 
Townsend that if he would wait he would accompany him to Bunker 
Hill immediately. He took tea and walked with him as far as the road 
to Milk Row, in Cambridge. People said there were some wounded 
soldiers there, brought away, and Warren remarked that Dr. Townsend 
had better remain and dress their wounds, which he did. The British 
ship Glasgow was firing across. Gen. Warren had presided in the Pro- 
vincial Congress that morning, and was decorated very much. He wore 
a light cloth coat with covered buttons worked in silver, and his hair was 
curled up at the sides of his head and pinned up. He was very cheerful 
and heartily engaged in preparation for the battle, which was just com- 
mencing, and the muskets must have begun firing when he arrived. 
When Warren left Dr. Townsend he had a cane only. Dr. Foster of 
Charlestown was principal surgeon to the troops. Dr. Eustis, probably 
Dr. Hart, and Dr. Brickett, who was Lieutenant Colonel, and Dr. Towns- 
end were at the hospital, the first house on the north side of Bunker Hill, 
known as the Sun Tavern. Col. Patterson's regiment was at Jack Tufts's 
storehouse, near down to the road leading to Milk Row. Dr. Townsend 
took dressings and instruments with him. He was rather of opinion that 
there was a battery in Mystic River. He saw nothing of Gen. Ward or 
his aids. All the troops, except Patterson's, went upon Bunker Hill. 
Col. Gardner was wounded with a musket ball, and carried home by four 
men with a blanket and poles. The wound was just plastered together 
before he arrived at the hospital. He did not remain there. Dr. Church 
did not belong then to the hospital. There was very little organization of 
that department. Col. Small and Gen. Warren were very well acquainted 
with each other, and both were remarkable for very fine manners. Dr. 
Warren cheerfully avowed his presentiment that he was destined to fall 
in the conflict. The truth of this presentiment, alas, was soon to be 
recorded m his heart's blood ! A nobler heart never panted after immor- 
tality. J. s. L. 



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